Java 教程 | CompletableFuture 介绍

Posted by Aiden on November 8, 2022

CompletableFuture 是jdk8的新特性。CompletableFuture实现了CompletionStage接口和Future接口,前者是对后者的一个扩展,增加了异步会点、流式处理、多个Future组合处理的能力,使Java在处理多任务的协同工作时更加顺畅便利。

创建异步任务

supplyAsync

supplyAsync 是创建带有返回值的异步任务。它有如下两个方法,一个是使用默认线程池ForkJoinPool.commonPool()的方法,一个是带有自定义线程池的重载方法

// 带返回值异步请求,默认线程池
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)
 
// 带返回值的异步请求,可以自定义线程池
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)

测试代码

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<String> cf = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("do something....");
            return "result";
        });
 
        //等待任务执行完成
        System.out.println("结果->" + cf.get());
}
 
 
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        // 自定义线程池
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
        CompletableFuture<String> cf = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("do something....");
            return "result";
        }, executorService);
 
        //等待子任务执行完成
        System.out.println("结果->" + cf.get());
}

/*
 *********************************************************************
 * 结果->result
 *******************************************************************
 */

runAsync

runAsync是创建没有返回值的异步任务。它有如下两个方法,一个是使用默认线程池 ForkJoinPool.commonPool() 的方法,一个是带有自定义线程池的重载方法

// 不带返回值的异步请求,默认线程池
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)
 
// 不带返回值的异步请求,可以自定义线程池
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("do something....");
        });
 
        //等待任务执行完成
        System.out.println("结果->" + cf.get());
}
 
 
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        // 自定义线程池
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("do something....");
        }, executorService);
 
        //等待任务执行完成
        System.out.println("结果->" + cf.get());
}


/*
 **********************************************************************
 *结果->null
 **********************************************************************
 */

获取任务结果的方法

// 如果完成则返回结果,否则就抛出具体的异常
public T get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException 
 
// 最大时间等待返回结果,否则就抛出具体异常
public T get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException
 
// 完成时返回结果值,否则抛出unchecked异常。为了更好地符合通用函数形式的使用,如果完成此 CompletableFuture所涉及的计算引发异常,则此方法将引发unchecked异常并将底层异常作为其原因
public T join()
 
// 如果完成则返回结果值(或抛出任何遇到的异常),否则返回给定的 valueIfAbsent。
public T getNow(T valueIfAbsent)
 
// 如果任务没有完成,返回的值设置为给定值
public boolean complete(T value)
 
// 如果任务没有完成,就抛出给定异常
public boolean completeExceptionally(Throwable ex) 

异步回调处理

thenApply 和 thenApplyAsync

thenApply 表示某个任务执行完成后执行的动作,即回调方法,会将该任务的执行结果即方法返回值作为入参传递到回调方法中,带有返回值。

thenApplythenApplyAsync 功能相同。 区别在于,使用 thenApply 方法时子任务与父任务使用的是同一个线程,而thenApplyAsync在子任务中是另起一个线程执行任务, 并且thenApplyAsync可以自定义线程池,默认的使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()线程池。

// thenApplyAsync
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.thenApplyAsync((result) -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
            result += 2;
            return result;
        });
        //等待任务1执行完成
        System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());
        //等待任务2执行完成
        System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

/*
 ******************************************************************
 * cf1结果->1
 * cf1结果->3
 ******************************************************************
 */

// thenApply
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.thenApply((result) -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
            result += 2;
            return result;
        });
        //等待任务1执行完成
        System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());
        //等待任务2执行完成
        System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}
/*
 ******************************************************************
 * cf1结果->1
 * cf1结果->3
 ******************************************************************
 */

thenAccept 和 thenAcceptAsync

thenAccept 表示某个任务执行完成后执行的动作,即回调方法,会将该任务的执行结果即方法返回值作为入参传递到回调方法中,无返回值。

thenAcceptthenAcceptAsync区别在于,使用thenAccept方法时子任务与父任务使用的是同一个线程, 而thenAcceptAsync在子任务中可能是另起一个线程执行任务,并且thenAcceptAsync可以自定义线程池, 默认的使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()线程池。


// thenAccept
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf2 = cf1.thenAccept((result) -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
        });
 
        //等待任务1执行完成
        System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());
        //等待任务2执行完成
        System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

/*
 ******************************************************************
 * cf1结果->1
 * cf1结果->null
 ******************************************************************
 */
 
// thenAcceptAsync
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf2 = cf1.thenAcceptAsync((result) -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
        });
 
        //等待任务1执行完成
        System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());
        //等待任务2执行完成
        System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

/*
 ******************************************************************
 * cf1结果->1
 * cf1结果->null
 ******************************************************************
 */

thenRun和thenRunAsync

thenRun表示某个任务执行完成后执行的动作,即回调方法,无入参,无返回值。

thenRunthenRunAsync区别在于,使用thenRun方法时子任务与父任务使用的是同一个线程, 而thenRunAsync在子任务中可能是另起一个线程执行任务,并且thenRunAsync可以自定义线程池,默认的使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()线程池。

// thenRun
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf2 = cf1.thenRun(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
        });
 
        //等待任务1执行完成
        System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());
        //等待任务2执行完成
        System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

// thenRunAsync
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf2 = cf1.thenRunAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
        });
 
        //等待任务1执行完成
        System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());
        //等待任务2执行完成
        System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

whenComplete 和 whenCompleteAsync

whenComplete 是当某个任务执行完成后执行的回调方法,会将执行结果或者执行期间抛出的异常传递给回调方法, 如果是正常执行则异常为 null,回调方法对应的 CompletableFutureresult 和该任务一致,如果该任务正常执行, 则get方法返回执行结果,如果是执行异常,则get方法抛出异常。

whenCompleteAsyncwhenComplete区别也是whenCompleteAsync可能会另起一个线程执行任务, 并且whenCompleteAsync可以自定义线程池,默认的使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()线程池。

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            int a = 1/0;
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.whenComplete((result, e) -> {
            System.out.println("上个任务结果:" + result);
            System.out.println("上个任务抛出异常:" + e);
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
        });
 
//        //等待任务1执行完成
//        System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());
//        //等待任务2执行完成
        System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

handle和handleAsync

跟whenComplete基本一致,区别在于handle的回调方法有返回值。

 public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            // int a = 1/0;
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.handle((result, e) -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
            System.out.println("上个任务结果:" + result);
            System.out.println("上个任务抛出异常:" + e);
            return result+2;
        });
 
        //等待任务2执行完成
        System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

多任务组合处理

thenCombine、thenAcceptBoth 和runAfterBoth

这三个方法都是将两个CompletableFuture组合起来处理,只有两个任务都正常完成时,才进行下阶段任务。

区别:

  1. thenCombine会将两个任务的执行结果作为所提供函数的参数,且该方法有返回值
  2. thenAcceptBoth同样将两个任务的执行结果作为方法入参,但是无返回值;
  3. runAfterBoth没有入参,也没有返回值。

注意两个任务中只要有一个执行异常,则将该异常信息作为指定任务的执行结果。

// thenCombine
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
            return 2;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf3 = cf1.thenCombine(cf2, (a, b) -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");
            return a + b;
        });
 
        System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

// thenAcceptBoth
 public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
            return 2;
        });
        
        // 无返回值
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf3 = cf1.thenAcceptBoth(cf2, (a, b) -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");
            System.out.println(a + b);
        });
 
        System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

// runAfterBoth
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
            return 1;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
            return 2;
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf3 = cf1.runAfterBoth(cf2, () -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");
        });
 
        System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

applyToEither、acceptEither和runAfterEither

这三个方法和上面一样也是将两个CompletableFuture组合起来处理,当有一个任务正常完成时,就会进行下阶段任务。

区别:

  1. applyToEither会将已经完成任务的执行结果作为所提供函数的参数,且该方法有返回值;
  2. acceptEither同样将已经完成任务的执行结果作为方法入参,但是无返回值;
  3. runAfterEither没有入参,也没有返回值。
// applyToEither
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return "cf1 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(5000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return "cf2 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = cf1.applyToEither(cf2, (result) -> {
            System.out.println("接收到" + result);
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");
            return "cf3 任务完成";
        });
 
        System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}
 
 
// acceptEither
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return "cf1 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(5000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return "cf2 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf3 = cf1.acceptEither(cf2, (result) -> {
            System.out.println("接收到" + result);
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");
        });
 
        System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

// runAfterEither
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("cf1 任务完成");
            return "cf1 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(5000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("cf2 任务完成");
            return "cf2 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Void> cf3 = cf1.runAfterEither(cf2, () -> {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");
            System.out.println("cf3 任务完成");
        });
 
        System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

allOf / anyOf

allOf: CompletableFuture 是多个任务都执行完成后才会执行,只要有一个任务执行异常,则返回的CompletableFuture执行get方法时会抛出异常,如果都是正常执行,则get返回null。

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("cf1 任务完成");
            return "cf1 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
                int a = 1/0;
                Thread.sleep(5000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("cf2 任务完成");
            return "cf2 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("cf3 任务完成");
            return "cf3 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Void> cfAll = CompletableFuture.allOf(cf1, cf2, cf3);
        System.out.println("cfAll结果->" + cfAll.get());
}

anyOfCompletableFuture是多个任务只要有一个任务执行完成,则返回的CompletableFuture执行get方法时会抛出异常,如果都是正常执行,则get返回执行完成任务的结果。

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("cf1 任务完成");
            return "cf1 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(5000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("cf2 任务完成");
            return "cf2 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("cf3 任务完成");
            return "cf3 任务完成";
        });
 
        CompletableFuture<Object> cfAll = CompletableFuture.anyOf(cf1, cf2, cf3);
        System.out.println("cfAll结果->" + cfAll.get());
}

说明 :

转载自CompletableFuture使用详解(全网看这一篇就行)